Barriers

- Vehicle upfront cost
- Battery replacement cost
- ZEMHDVs’ fleet size
- Resale value and market

- Lower vehicle cost (diesel)
- Well-established technology (diesel)
- Comparable vehicle cost and range (natural gas)
- Lower emissions (natural gas)
- Long-haul applications (natural gas)

- In-house charging infrastructure costs
- In-house hydrogen production plant and/or storage costs
- Refueling/charging infrastructure for for-hire fleet
- Public charging/refueling network deployment
- Public charging/refueling compatibility with fleets
- Policy and targets harmonization

- Total cost of ownership

- Business profit (private fleet)
- Service costs (for-hire fleet)
- Higher prices for shippers and customers

- Operational range uncertainty
- Operational costs uncertainty

- Operational range
- Extended charging time
- ZEMHDVs’ weight
- Shortage of technicians

- Refueling cost for hydrogen-powered vehicles
- Technician wages
- Tire costs
- Insurance costs

- For-hire fleets

- Readiness of the electricity grid
- Resilience of ZEMHDVs
- Driver safety
- Vehicle supply delay
- Extended downtime

Enablers

- Vehicle out-of-door cost
- Technology advancement

- Zero tailpipe emissions (battery & hydrogen)
- Lower fueling and maintenance costs (battery)
- Vehicle out-of-door cost (battery)
- Return-to-base operation (battery)
- Lighter medium-duty vehicle operation (battery)
- Extended operational range (hydrogen)
- Mixed fleets
- Intermediate technologies
- Technology selection

- Sharing charging/refueling infrastructure

- Life cycle GHG emissions assessment
- Charging/refueling station configuration
- Fleet configuration
- Operational scheduling and routing
- Progressive approach

- Marketing budget
- Positive feedback from drivers

- Well-documented and widely publicized success cases
- Realistic and comprehensive real-world data sharing
- Education resources for small fleets
- Free accessible data resources and tools

- Incentives and rebates for vehicles and charging infrastructure
- Harmonized incentives, policies, and targets
- Additional policies and incentives for operational costs
- Policies for public charging/refueling infrastructure
- Privileges for ZEMHDVsPrivileges for ZEMHDVs

- Charging cost for battery electric vehicles
- Maintenance costs

- Private fleets
- Fleet class/type
- Type of operations